An Indian government panel wants to criminalise all commercial dealings in private cryptocurrencies, though it is also enamoured of the technology underpinning them.
This dichotomy was evident in the proposals submitted on July 22 by an inter-ministerial committee set up to study the ecosystem. The report admitted that the distributed-ledger technology behind digital currencies can have positive effects if deployed in financial services, but their most popular application, cryptocurrencies, have “risks associated with them”.
Consequently, the panel, headed by Economic Affairs Secretary Subhash Chandra Garg, has suggested that India must consider introducing an official virtual currency, or the “Digital Rupee”, to replace private cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin.
Besides Garg, the panel included members from the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, markets regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India and the Reserve Bank of India. The Banning of Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2019, will now be reviewed by the Narendra Modi government after consulting various regulatory authorities.
While the government has, in the past, made its dislike for cryptocurrencies clear, it remains to be seen if it can still tap the power of distributed-ledger technology, as recommended by the panel.
Can’t deny merits
As opposed to traditional ledgers, which store records of financial transactions in a centralised database, distributed-ledger technology uses local electronic ledgers that synchronise and share the data. The elimination of central record keeping makes financial transactions operationally more efficient and secure.
The Garg panel said distributed-ledger technology “will play a major role in ushering in of the digital age”, and recommended its use in trade financing, improving access to credit, and lowering the compliance costs for know your customer requirements.
The Ministry of Electronics can explore mechanisms through which customer information can be maintained using distributed-ledger technology through a consent-based mechanism, the report said. It added, “The distributed-ledger technology-based systems can be used by banks and other financial firms for processes such as loan-issuance tracking, collateral management, fraud detection and claims management in insurance, and reconciliation systems in the securities market”.
While the financial uses of distributed-ledger technology are still limited, it is its application to virtual currencies that is more evolved.
However, on the question of an official digital currency, too, the Garg panel is in two minds.
While the committee has recommended keeping an open mind regarding the introduction of a digital rupee, it has flagged concerns relating to central bank digital currencies. “It is unclear whether there is a clear advantage in the context of India to come up with an official digital currency,” the panel said.
The decision on launching the digital rupee must consider its impact on existing payments infrastructure and financial stability, the report said. The ability of banks and other lenders to deal with the disruptions caused due to the introduction of central bank digital currencies must also be factored in. If India introduces an official virtual currency, therefore, the Reserve Bank of India must be its appropriate regulator, the report said.
Private cryptocurrencies “have no intrinsic value and cannot replace fiat currencies”, it added, recommending measures that could potentially destroy the crypto-ecosystem.
The clampdown
The Garg panel recommends penalty and imprisonment for those who directly or indirectly “mine, generate, hold, sell, deal in, transfer, dispose of or issues cryptocurrency”.
These activities can attract fines ranging between Rs 1 lakh for non-commercial dealings in virtual currencies and Rs 25 crore for commercial dealings and imprisonment of between one and 10 years.
The report noted that private cryptocurrencies have not been recognised as legal tender in any jurisdiction.
In July 2018, the RBI forbade banks from having any business relationship with virtual currencies, which the Garg panel endorsed in its report. A case against the central bank diktat filed by crypto bourses in India was scheduled to be heard in the Supreme Court on July 23.
The crypto-community, meanwhile, took to social media to garner support against the draft proposals.
Ajeet Khuranna, CEO of crypto-bourse Zebpay, which was compelled to shift out of India last October, said India will miss out on the benefits of distributed-ledger technology.
John McAfee, a cybersecurity expert and cryptocurrency enthusiast, who has plans to run in the 2020 US presidential election, noted that banning cryptocurrencies is not pragmatic.
This article first appeared on Quartz.
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