Iran shot down a US drone on June 19, further escalating tensions with its adversaries.
US relations with Iran have been worsening for months. In early May, one year after the United States withdrew from the nuclear deal negotiated in 2015 between Iran, the US, the European Union and five other countries, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani said that his country may also withdraw from the agreement, which limits its ability to develop nuclear programme in exchange for lifting sanctions.
In June, Rouhani announced that Iran will restart uranium enrichment, which could put the country on track to develop a nuclear weapon within a year. Rouhani’s government insists its uranium will be used to generate civilian nuclear power, not weapons.
As a deterrent to Iran, the United States is sending an additional 1,000 troops to the Middle East.
The US is not the only country considering a military response in Iran.
“Israel will not allow Iran to obtain nuclear weapons,” said Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on June 17. Netanyahu also said Iran must be punished for violating the nuclear agreement.
Israel, which has faced threats to its national security since its founding as a Jewish homeland in West Asia in 1948, is known to take aggressive, preventive action to protect itself – including the launching of preemptive strikes on neighbouring nations it perceives to be threatening.
If international relations with Iran grow more volatile, Israel could take dramatic, unilateral action against its neighbour and longtime adversary.
The Begin Doctrine
I’m an international security scholar who studies Israel’s proactive use of its military to prevent nuclear buildup in West Asia.
Israel has a counterproliferation policy, called the Begin Doctrine, which allows it to wage preventive strikes against enemies with weapons of mass destruction programmes. Using the Begin Doctrine as a justification for preemptive strikes, the Israeli government has for decades quietly decimated nuclear and chemical facilities across West Asia.
When President Saddam Hussein’s potential nuclear military ambitions raised concerns in 1981, the Israeli government destroyed an Iraqi nuclear reactor in a surprise attack called Operation Opera.
“On no account shall we permit an enemy to develop weapons of mass destruction against the people of Israel,” a government release stated at the time. “We shall defend the citizens of Israel in good time and with all the means at our disposal.”
In 2007, Israel responded to Syria’s failure to report its uranium processing by striking a nuclear reactor in the Deir ez-Zor region. The United States, which was reportedly informed ahead of the attack, made no effort to stop Israel.
Israel has also been accused of sponsoring the assassinations of at least four Iranian nuclear scientists since 2010. The incidents have never been fully investigated and Israel has neither confirmed nor denied responsibility for the targeted killings.
Israel has also deterred nuclear proliferation in the region using less lethal, more high tech strategies.
In 2008 and 2009, Israel used computer malware called Stuxnet to disrupt Iran’s nuclear infrastructure. The program infected the software that controlled centrifuge speed at the Natanz nuclear plant, alternately speeding up and slowing down the machines that produce enriched uranium to cripple the production of the material. The Obama administration secretly supported the cyber attacks.
Though the United States, United Nations and other world powers officially condemned some of these unprovoked Israeli military aggressions, other preemptive Israeli attacks have been met with silence from the international community.
The international community may even appreciate Israel’s role as a nuclear nonproliferation watchdog in West Asia, my research suggests. Israel has never been punished for attacking its neighbors’ weapons programs.
Decades after Israel’s 1981 attack on Iraq’s nuclear plant, President Bill Clinton called it “a really good thing”. “It kept Saddam Hussein from developing nuclear power,” he said at the 2005 Davos World Economic Forum.
“But it’s not clear to me they have that option in Iran,” he added.
Israel versus Iran
That was 14 years ago. In 2005, Iran was just beginning its nuclear buildup.
Today, Israel’s government seems strong in its belief that it has the option to strike Iran.
Iran’s government is openly hostile to Israel. Citing fears that Iran would use nuclear weapons against Israel, Netanyahu has warned, “Iranian acquisition of nuclear weapons would be infinitely more costly than any scenario you can imagine to stop it.”
He told Iran and other adversaries not to test Israel.
If the nuclear deal ruptures further and Iran does restart uranium enrichment, Israel might launch targeted airstrikes against it.
Risks of a strike
History suggests other countries are unlikely to actively deter Israeli military aggression in the guise of nuclear nonproliferation.
The Trump administration has expressed anti-Iranian sentiment and is a staunch backer of Netanyahu’s government.
While European powers will recognise preemptive Israeli strikes on nuclear facilities as a violation of international law and of the sovereignty of Israel’s neighbours, they also see Iran’s nuclear programme as a grave global security concern.
A nuclear Iran could escalate ongoing West Asian conflicts into nuclear exchanges, and, as some commentators say, spur other regional powers like Saudi Arabia and Egypt to develop nuclear weapons themselves.
Of course, potential Israeli attacks on Iran present their own serious risks. Because most of Iran’s reactors are in full operation, air strikes may mean cutting off the power supply to Iranian citizens and could release large amounts of radioactive contaminants into the air.
Iran, a militarily well-equipped country, would surely retaliate against any Israeli attacks. That, too, would trigger a conflict that would spiral throughout the region. Of course, Israel faced similar dangers when it went after the weapons programs of Syria, Iraq and other neighbours.
If history is any guide, Israel may strike Iran while the world quietly watches.
Doreen Horschig is a PhD Candidate in Security Studies, University of Central Florida.
This article first appeared on The Conversation.
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