The name crops up all over the place, but many people have no real understanding of what QAnon is, or why an estimated 22% of Americans accept one of its core beliefs: that some kind of political “storm” is coming and that violence could be necessary to achieve it.
In the US, Georgia politician Marjorie Taylor Greene, previously a fan of QAnon, has just been appointed to the influential House of Representatives’ homeland security committee.
Yet although the far-right conspiracy theory movement started gaining supporters in the US in 2017, it has now spread internationally with increasing uptake in Russia and Germany. The German QAnon is firmly pro-Putin and anti-Kyiv in its support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Conversely, Russian QAnon followers are less supportive of Putin.
This cult-like movement, most famous for its part in the storming of the US Capitol in January 2021, originated on an online message board called 8kun before being popularised on 4Chan. The first QAnon content was posted by an anonymous self-proclaimed senior intelligence officer with access to supposedly classified material, calling themselves Q and later QAnon (their identity is still not known).
This material focused on baseless predictions around the fortunes of the Trump administration, and conspiracy theories about individuals and groups seeking to undermine Trump. These included the presence of a powerful paedophile ring operating at the top of global politics, celebrity, finance and royalty.
Other self-styled insiders and experts joined in posting “insider information” alongside and in support of QAnon, with sympathisers enthusiastically posting this content across mainstream social media platforms.
The movement started to come to prominence offline in 2018 when its followers appeared at Trump rallies and other political events wearing identifying items or carrying placards with Q on them. At the same time more QAnon-related content started appearing on social media platforms.
As of now, QAnon has spread to multiple online platforms, and its followers are present in various countries. But QAnon does not have a formalised leadership structure.
This has meant QAnon has expanded the number of subjects it talks about, including Covid-19 and its subsequent vaccines, most of which have been thoroughly refuted by fact checkers and experts. The decentralised nature of the movement means that QAnon followers largely communicate via the internet and messaging services such as Telegram, Signal and Parler.
QAnon’s core theories centre on its belief that there is a global cabal of Satan-worshipping, child sex trafficking elites who control governments, financial institutions, and the media. QAnon believes that the aim of the elite cabal was to undermine Donald Trump when he was president, steal the 2020 election from him, and erode his Make America Great Again agenda. QAnon followers also claim that Donald Trump and his close circle are working to expose this paedophile cabal and bring its members to justice.
To those – the majority – who are sceptical or opposed to QAnon theories, the claims made by QAnon followers seem evidence free and ridiculous. Most mainstream media organisations describe QAnon theories as having been based upon mis- or disinformation, a reinterpretation of history, a misunderstanding of contemporary events and fringe conspiracy theory. Followers of QAnon invest large amounts of time hunting down shards of evidence that help – in their eyes – to prove the claims.
In Russia, QAnon followers have embraced vaccine conspiracy theories, and rejected mask mandates. QAnon forums predicted there would be no conflict and then were surprised and divided in support for the Ukraine war. Some suggested the invasion was to clean up Covid bio-labs, while others saw it as a betrayal of Russo-Ukrainian kinship.
Some followers of QAnon have been linked to and convicted of acts of political violence. Intelligence and law enforcement agencies have provided consistent warnings that QAnon and its messaging have the potential to incite some to violence. On that basis there is surveillance of QAnon by government agencies in the US, Germany and the UK.
Germany is a particularly interesting case, due to alleged connections between QAnon followers and the Reichsbürger coup attempt in December. This attempted to reinstall a monarchy in Germany, and was closely associated with elements of the German far right.
QAnon has been active in Germany since 2018, and has seen its popularity grow. Academics have recorded instances of QAnon-related content appearing on German social media and internet platforms (breaching legal restrictions on conspiracy and hate speech). QAnon followers in Germany have organised events in major cities, leading some to consider them a potential threat to public order.
The concern for some is that QAnon followers will find their way into elected posts. This has already happened in America, where former President Donald Trump refused to distance himself from the QAnon theories, and where the increasingly prominent Republican Taylor Greene now sits in an influential post. Some believe this may generate a conflict of interest for the homeland security committee, even with Taylor Greene backing away from QAnon views recently.
Few elected politicians have openly associated themselves with QAnon. Some support some of its ideas, while distancing themselves from particular elements of QAnon’s now broad platform.
Attribution, a little like a conspiracy theory itself, arises from shards of evidence such as statements made by individuals. There are prominent politicians in the US, Canada, Italy and Germany who are widely assumed to be QAnon followers, but without more substantial evidence, they will remain nameless.
The most likely path for QAnon is it continues to grow with dedicated sections on particular issues. The route to influence for QAnon is through individual politicians acquiring important posts. But the route to marginalising QAnon rests with legislators not appointing “post-truth” politicians to influential jobs.
Robert M Dover is Professor of Intelligence and National Security, University of Hull.
This article first appeared on The Conversation.
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